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Max Lilienthal’s Aborted Return

In Bruce L. Ruben’s new biography Max Lilienthal: The Making of the American Rabbinate, about one of the pioneers of the American Reform movement, I was surprised to learn that Lilienthal almost made a second trip to Tsarist Russia.  In 1881, after the outbreak of epochal pogroms against the Jews of Russia, the American Jewish community appointed Lilienthal and Moritz Ellinger, the editor of the Jewish Times, to lead a mission there.  Lilienthal would have accepted the charge and made the trip if he had he not died suddenly of a stroke on April 5, 1882. 

Lilienthal’s first trip to Russia was a momentous one.  In the late 1830s and early 1840s, when he was a newly minted twenty-something university-educated rabbi in Germany, the Russian government attempted to create a new, modern school system for what it—and he—regarded as the benighted Jews of the Tsarist empire.  Lilienthal played a key role in the enterprise, journeying through the Pale of Settlement to promote the new project.  It wasn’t an easy job.  While he found some support among the local maskilim, he was exposed to fierce opposition from hasidim and mitnagdim alike.  Fearful of being poisoned, he traveled with a food-taster.  “Gangs of children chased him,” Ruben recounts, “calling him a ‘builder of shmad (conversionary) houses (missions) for children.’”  Adults shouted him down, too.  A communal gathering that he convened in Vilna came to a halt when the local fire department dispersed the angry crowd with hoses. 

In the end, however, Lilienthal and the Tsarist government that backed him had their way.  An 1844 law “set up a new modern system of primary, secondary, and rabbinic schools alongside the older heder and yeshiva system.”  This measure “should have guaranteed the success” of Lilienthal’s career, Ruben notes.  Yet in July, 1845, about eight months after the promulgation of the new law, he suddenly left Russia.  Why? 

Thirty years ago, Columbia University historian Michael Stanislawski, in his Tsar Nicholas I and the Jews, surveyed the previous 140 years of efforts to answer this question—and dismissed all of them, including the most popular explanation, which was that Lilienthal was “disillusioned with the government.”  In rejecting this theory, Stanislawski noted that before Lilienthal’s departure from Russia he “never expressed anything other than complete and absolute confidence in the aims and policies of the government.”  He did indeed vituperate against the Russian regime in later years; but even then, he never explicitly connected his abandonment of his educational mission to a contemporaneous recognition of the government’s evils.    

And what was Stanislawski’s own explanation for Lilienthal’s departure?  In all the time he was in Russia, Lilienthal never got a raise.  His salary was a respectable one, but it was only equivalent to that of a skilled worker in St. Petersburg; and on that kind of money he could not support his never-forgotten fiancée, Miss Pepi Nettre.  So, he took advantage of his first vacation in six years, went back to Munich, and married her on August 27, 1845.  By November of that year, the newlyweds were busy settling into their new home—in New York City. 

Stanislawski made this all sound so convincing that over the years, as I relayed his theory to students, I forgot that he himself labeled it an unprovable hypothesis.  And Ruben now feels free to set Stanislawski’s hypothesis aside. 

The fact that Lilienthal expressed confidence in the Tsarist government all the time he was in Russia proves nothing as far as Ruben is concerned—because, as Lilienthal testified more than once, the Russian secret police was spying on him.  Ruben ascribes to Lilienthal a disillusionment with the government that he would probably have avoided expressing directly “for fear that his mail was being read.”  This disillusionment, in Ruben’s view, may have been his real reason for leaving the country. 

Ruben’s ascription of a motive to Lilienthal is not entirely convincing.  Still, whatever may have prevented Lilienthal from bringing his new bride back to Russia, it is clear that his decision to take her to the United States was motivated by more than the desire for a good salary.  He wrote home from Russia—evidently untroubled by any fears that prying eyes would be offended—that “I hope nothing for the Jews in Europe, everything in America.” 

He flourished in the New World.  Although Lilienthal was not the first rabbi in the new United States, as he sometimes liked to boast, he was certainly one of the first few.  In his long and significant career, he evolved from a more or less traditional Jew, insisting on higher standards of kashrut in the production of matzot, to a leader of radical reform who “embraced a universalist approach that allowed him to equate his beliefs with those of the Unitarians.”  Whether that transformation was the result more of cogitation or of circumstances is something about which Ruben is not prepared to make a decisive judgment.  But he leaves no room for doubt about Lilienthal’s constant and ever-growing love for the United States. 

In the 1850s Lilienthal wrote patriotic poems, in German, with titles like “Der Obelisk auf Bunkerhill,” and “Der Vierte Juli 1776,” to inspire new immigrants from the fatherland.  “For a number of years,” his friend Isaac Mayer Wise observed, “patriotism was the principal topic of his conversation and the main subject of his sermons.”  While he extolled his new country, however, he struggled to make it live up to what he considered to be its fundamental principles—by maintaining, among other things, religiously neutral public schools.  And he berated politicians who forgot to include Jews in their Thanksgiving proclamations.  “Having learned his lesson well in Russia,” Ruben notes, “he repeatedly reminded his audiences that vigilance remained the price of liberty.” 

In the end, Lilienthal was unable to return to Russia and act on the basis of what he had learned, both there and in the United States.  That’s too bad.  His visit, of course, wouldn’t have made any great difference to Jews living under the Tsars’ oppressive rule; but it would have been fascinating to hear what the Old World looked like to him after all those years. 

Allan Arkush is a professor of Judaic studies and history at Binghamton University, and the senior contributing editor of the Jewish Review of Books.

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COMMENTS

Dovid Eliezrie on October 31, 2012 at 9:44 am (Reply)
Max Lilenthal fled Russia due to accusations of misappropriating funds from a contract to print textbooks for the russian goverment.

He had come to Russia to change the educational system. Masquerading as an observant Jew he attempted to enlist support of Jewish leaders. He befriended the Minister of Education Ivanof and orchestrated a conference to in St. Petersburg to impose his ideas. The then Lubavitcher Rebbe, Rabbi Menachem Mendel and Rabbi Yitzchok of Volozhin put aside their differences and united to oppose Lilenthal.

Subsequent to that conference he fled Russia when he feared arrest for not fulfilling a printing contract

More at http://www.jewish-history.com/chabad/index.html
Robert on November 2, 2012 at 10:10 pm (Reply)
Eliezer Ben-Yehuda used Lilienthal's rejection by Russian Jews as proof that a) the "ignorant masses" (as the maskilim saw them) were not quite as ignorant as was commonly thought, and that b) Lilienthal's mission failed because his enlightenment project was not rooted in the Hebrew spirit.

In an 1879 article in Ha-Havatzelet entitled "The Voice of the People," Ben-Yehuda rebuked the maskilim for believing that the people ("ha-am") didn't understand what they wanted/needed. "Didn’t the people know what they wanted when they cast off the 'enlightenment' that [Sergei] Uvarov and [Max] Lilienthal gave them?" Ben-Yehuda asked. "The people knew instinctively that under Uvarov’s mask lay a hidden desire to destroy the foundations upon which Hebrew life was built and to make total work of the Talmud.... And the people showed that they were not like cattle of the field who would follow after anyone...but [instead] thwarted all the actions of both Uvarov and Lilienthal. They built schools for the people and the people forbid their sons from attending. They published books for them and the people threw them in the toilet. They gave them rabbinical schools and the people wouldn't give the students of those schools any rabbinical positions until the schools were closed. We too gladly rejoiced over this development with all the tzaddikim and hasidim, for it taught us that only when we act in the spirit of the people will we be successful."

The take-away for would-be leaders of the people?

"The settlement of Eretz-Israel — this one thing alone can save our entire nation." In the eyes of Ben-Yehuda (who was just preparing to move to Jerusalem himself), only Zionism could provide a truly organic "enlightenment" that the Hebrew people would understand and embrace.

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